Cooling is now the biggest energy cost in most Pakistani homes, and load-shedding makes it a daily worry. The good news is that a well-designed building can be several degrees cooler before a single machine is switched on.
1. Shade the walls and the glass
Direct sun on a wall or window is the main source of heat gain. Deep verandas, overhangs, jaali screens and trees keep the sun off the building envelope, especially on the west and south sides.
2. Insulate the roof
In a single-storey house most heat arrives through the roof. A layer of insulation, a light-coloured finish and a small air gap make a bigger difference than any other single measure.
3. Let air move through
Openings on opposite sides of a room, high vents and a courtyard or light-well create a natural flow. Ceiling fans then have far less work to do.
4. Use thermal mass wisely
Thick brick or stone walls absorb heat in the day and release it slowly at night. They work best when shaded from direct sun.
5. Add plants and water
A neem tree in the courtyard and a small pool cool the air around them. Combined with shade and airflow, they make outdoor rooms usable for much of the year.